华勒氏变性Walleriandegen
2021-12-28 来源:不详 浏览次数:次北京中科白癜风医院程少为 http://m.39.net/baidianfeng/a_9429249.html
华勒氏变性(Walleriandegeneration,WD),神经元细胞死亡之后,它所属的轴索、轴索分支和树突都会发生变性。可以为顺行性,比如大脑运动皮质梗死后引起皮质脊髓束变性方向,也可以为逆行性,如枕叶病变,导致同侧视放射变性。
WD的解剖基础与病理变化
神经元细胞死亡之后,它所属的轴索、轴索分支和树突都会发生变性,此即Wallerian变性。神经元细胞死亡的原因,最常见者为脑梗死,较少见者还有脑出血、脑肿瘤和脱髓鞘性病变等,神经元细胞死亡后,变性顺神经纤维束向下进行,经皮质脊髓束达脊髓,至周围神经。
Wallerian变性可分为四期:第一期约4周,轴索退化伴轻微的生化改变;第二期约为起病后4~14周,这时髓鞘蛋白破坏,髓鞘脂质尚完整,变性组织的亲水性有所增加;第三期约为起病后数月至1年,变性组织的亲水性明显增加,髓鞘脂质破坏,并有神经胶质增生;第四期约为起病后1年至数年,表现为受侵区域萎缩,其中以脑干病侧缩小最为突出。
WD的MRI特征:影像学上对第一期的Wallerian变性难于显示,MRI重点为第二期和第三期诊断,第二期可表现为变性区TlW高信号,T2W低信号;第三期变性区可表现为T1W低信号,T2W高信号;第四期则表现为受侵区域萎缩,其中以脑干病侧缩小最为突出。第四期常规CT也能够能显示,故而MRI的重点是对第二、第三期Wallerian变性诊断。Wallerian变性另外一个特点是变性继发于原发脑损伤,即有一个发展过程,一般在原发病变发生后3周到数月、数年相继发生上述四期变化。
Patient1wasa4-day-oldneonatewitharightMCAinfarct,whichoccurred4daysbeforeMRimagingwasperformed.At3-and6-monthclinicalfollow-up,thepatienthadclinicalprogressionofthelefthemiparesis,consistentwiththeevolutionofWalleriandegeneration.
Farleft,Transverse(top)andcoronal(bottom)fastspin-echoT2-weightedimages(/96[TR/TE])showabnormalsignalintensityintherightcorticospinaltract(arrowhead).Increasedsignalintensityispresentintheregionoftherighttemporallobesubcorticalwhitematter(blackarrow,top),alongwithareasofdecreasedsignalintensityinthecorticalgraymatter(blackarrows,bottom).Afocusofhemorrhage(whitearrow)isseeninthecoronaradiata.
Middleleft,Transverse(top)andcoronal(bottom)DWimagess(/)acquiredwithaspin-echoecho-planarimagingtechniqueshowincreasedsignalintensityintherightcerebralpeduncle(arrowhead)andsubcorticalwhitematterintheterritorialinfarct(arrow).
Middleright,Correspondingtransverse(top)andcoronal(bottom)ADCmapsandreducedADCintherightcerebralpeduncle(arrowhead)andsubcorticalwhitematterintheterritorialinfarct(arrow).
Farright,TransverseDWimage(top)andcorrespondingADCmap(bottom)showinvolvementofthespleniumofthecorpuscallosum(arrowhead).
Patient2wasan8-day-oldneonatewithaskullfractureafterforcepsdelivery.Transverseimagesobtainedatdays2,4,and8.
Toprow,T2-weightedimagesacquiredwithafastspin-echotechnique(/96)showanareaofhemorrhagewithsurroundingedemaintheleftfrontallobe(arrow).At4and8days,progressivedevelopmentoftheincreasedsignalintensityintheleftcerebralpeduncleisseen(arrowhead).
Middlerow,DWimagesobtainedbyusingaspin-echoecho-planarimagingsequence(/)showareasofincreasedsignalintensityintherightfrontal,righttemporal,leftfrontallobes,aswellasintheleftfrontopontinetract(arrowhead).Alsoshownistheareaofhemorrhagewithsurroundingedemaintheleftfrontallobe(arrow).
Bottomrow,ADCmapsconfirmtrulyreduceddiffusionintheleftcerebralpeduncle(arrowhead).Interestinglythediffusionchangesintheleftfrontallobesubcorticalwhitematterbe